There are 50,000 aircraft in the air or idling all the time. An airliner consumes 5 tons (or whatever) per hour of fuel. So 3 billion tons per year of fuel. So one ton of fuel is actually 3 tons of CO2, so 10 billion total.

American CO2 emissions are 10 billion tons, according to this page. So how is it mathematically possible the airline industry produces more CO2 than the entire country combined?

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So how is it mathematically possible the airline industry produces more co2 than the entire country combined?

The airline industry is worldwide. Of course, a worldwide industry can and does produce more CO₂ emissions than the total emissions from any particular country.

You’ve presented a lot of numbers without any sources. If instead of following your calculation based on unreferenced values, we simply search for CO2 emissions by the aviation sector, we find that 2022 worldwide CO2 emissions totaled 800 Mtons, per the International Energy Agency. This is described as 80% of pre-pandemic values, so 1 Gton seems to be a reasonable value to use.

Thus, your calculation is off by an order of magnitude.